Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41090106›Full record

ArticleBMJ open sport & exercise medicine2025

'Don't tell the coach': contact breast injury and breast pain in under-18 international female rugby players.

Eloise Elizabeth Kirby, Melissa Elizabeth Annie Jones, Seren Lois Evans, Vicky M Gottwald, Julian Andrew Owen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Eloise Elizabeth KirbyRugby Knowledge Exchange, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4018-287X
Melissa Elizabeth Annie JonesRugby Knowledge Exchange, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9438-963X
Seren Lois EvansRugby Knowledge Exchange, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0299-1357
Vicky M GottwaldRugby Knowledge Exchange, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0158-9721
Julian Andrew OwenRugby Knowledge Exchange, School of Psychology and Sport Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9609-8422

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Objectives: Contact breast injury (CBI) and exercise-induced breast pain (EIBP) are common in adult female contact sports; however, incidence in adolescent players is unknown. The present study investigated the occurrence, mechanism and reporting behaviours of CBI and EIBP in under-18 international female rugby union. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to players (n=110, 17.0±0.7 years) participating in the Women's U18 Six Nations. Results: Incidence of CBI and EIBP was 39% and 43%, respectively. Seventy-seven percent of players affected by CBI had experienced multiple incidents in the previous year. Activities associated with the highest severity of EIBP were running, jumping and tackling, with 27% reporting that breast pain inhibited their performance. Concerningly, 64% of players did not report CBI, and no injuries were reported to coaching/medical personnel. Notably, over half of players did not consciously adopt strategies to prevent CBI, which may be attributed to various bio-psycho-social mechanisms. Conclusion: While there is a worryingly high incidence of CBI and EIBP in adolescent female international rugby players, reporting remains low, and there is a lack of uptake of support/protective strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of female-specific protective equipment and educational programmes, aiming to improve breast health.

Indexed as

FemaleInjuryRugbySporting injuries

Identifiers

PMID41090106
PMCPMC12517001

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.