ArticleFrontiers in plant science2025
Alkaloid biosynthesis in medicinal crop kratom (
Article in Frontiers in plant science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Botanical Variation, Plant Part, and Extraction Technique on Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Kratom (Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Atypical respiration patterns of kratom alkaloids.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2026Article
- UV-B and far-red light shape morphological and phytochemical responses in kratom.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- A Review of Kratom Product Evolution and Its Associated Health Outcomes.Substance abuse and rehabilitation · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Kratom ( Methods: This study investigated the effects of withering duration, drying temperature, cultivar, and season on kratom alkaloid composition and concentration. In Study I, leaves of cultivar Hawaii underwent four withering durations (0, 12, 24, 72 h) followed by drying at five temperatures (-40, 25, 40, 60, 80 °C). In Study II, leaves of cultivar MR-Malaysian were tested under two withering durations (0, 12 h) and two drying temperatures (25, 60 °C). Both studies were conducted across two seasons. Results: Withering generally increased mitragynine concentrations by 14-65% (w/w) in 'Hawaii' and 3-8% in 'MR-Malaysian' in leaf alkaloid extracts. A 12-h withering followed by drying below 40 °C enhanced speciogynine and paynantheine in 'Hawaii' by 37-48% and 35-67%, respectively. Low drying temperatures preserved mitragynine, speciogynine, and paynantheine across cultivars. The average 7-hydroxymitragynine content in leaf alkaloid extracts ranged from 0.02-0.04% and was detected only in specific seasons, varying by cultivar, suggesting genotype-environment interactions. Discussion: This study demonstrates for the first time that kratom alkaloid composition and concentration are substantially influenced by genotype, season, and postharvest handling. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing postharvest processing strategies to enhance beneficial alkaloid profiles in kratom.
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