ArticleFrontiers in neurology2025
Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper limb motor function in stroke patients with right hemiplegia based on EEG microstates and EMG.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Acupuncture combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy evaluation of combined central and peripheral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for elbow flexor (biceps Brachii) spasticity and upper limb motor function after stroke.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Trial
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Stroke severely impairs neural function and daily living, creating an urgent need for innovative rehabilitation strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on upper limb motor recovery in stroke patients, combining EEG microstate analysis and EMG to elucidate associated neuromuscular and cortical changes. Methods: Twenty patients with right-hemiplegic stroke and twenty healthy controls were enrolled. Patients underwent Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) and Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) before and after repetitive TMS (rTMS) intervention. Resting-state EEG and EMG recordings were acquired pre- and post-one week of rTMS treatment. Results: Following rTMS, patients exhibited significant improvements in FMA-UE and ARAT scores ( Discussion: These findings highlight two central mechanisms: (1) rTMS promotes motor recovery in hemiplegic patients by normalizing cortical dynamics, as reflected in microstate reorganization; (2) Microstate B and C represent promising neurophysiological biomarkers for tracking rehabilitation progress, with the former reflecting motor coordination and the latter indexing strength recovery. This study bridges microstate-level neurophysiological changes and functional improvements, supporting rTMS as a precision intervention in stroke neurorehabilitation. Further research should validate these biomarkers in larger cohorts and explore microstate-guided rTMS protocols. Clinical trial registration: chictr.org.cn, Identifier: ChiCTR2100049509.
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