ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Estimating proportions of missed children and reasons for non-vaccination following implementation of "reaching the unreached" multiantigen immunization campaign-south Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, July-August 2023.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beyond Hesitancy: Current Multi-Level Polio Vaccine Refusals and Pathways to Acceptance in a High-Risk Region of Pakistan.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Overcoming barriers to polio eradication in challenging subnational geographies: lessons from South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2022-2024.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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12 authors.
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Abstract
During January 2022-June 2023, Pakistan reported 21 Wild Polio Virus 1 (WPV1) cases, all of which occurred within districts in the south Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. In May 2023, a special immunization campaign was conducted to reach all children under 5 years of age within 69 high-risk union councils (UCs) in six districts of south KP. The campaign comprised of three rounds, each lasting 8 days, that provided bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV) as well as other vaccines using a site-to-site delivery strategy. Rounds 1, 2, and 3 were conducted in July 2023, August 2023, and April 2024, respectively. We conducted a post-campaign evaluation (PCE) survey following the first two rounds, to assess OPV receipt, using a multistage sampling design. We analyzed PCE data for the two first rounds to provide UC-level estimates of the proportions of children who did not receive bOPV and assessed reasons for non-vaccination. The PCE survey included 8,125 children from 67 UCs during round 1 and 7,726 children from 47 UCs during round 2. The median number of villages by UC was 8 for both rounds. The median number of children by village was 16 for round 1 and 19 for round 2. Overall, 16% of children missed bOPV (95% CI = 14-18%) for round 1 [estimated total of 39,983 children (95% CI = 34,775-45,808)]; and 15% (95% CI = 13-17%) for round 2 [estimated total of 24,257 children (95% CI = 21,355-27,474)]. Percentages and numbers of missed children varied widely among UCs during both rounds. Six UCs in the first round and four UCs in the second had ≥40% missed children. Reasons for non-vaccination were similar for each round, with operational reasons leading by >60%, followed by refusals (≥20%), and child not available (~10%). We found a high proportion of missed children during this special immunization intervention and identified the UCs with the greatest challenges. In these UCs, there is a need to design and implement comprehensive, tailored, and effective interventions for each reason why children missed vaccination.
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