Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41089672›Full record

ArticleBiological psychiatry global open science2025

Effects of Shared and Nonshared Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Alleles on Cognition and Educational Attainment in the UK Biobank.

Alexander L Richards, Eilidh Fenner, Nicholas E Clifton, Darren Cameron, Claire E Tume, Nicholas J Bray, Sophie E Legge, James T R Walters, Peter A Holmans, Michael C O'Donovan and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biological psychiatry global open science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. An etiological approach to psychosis: potential benefits for treatment, research and prevention.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Alexander L RichardsCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Eilidh FennerCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Nicholas E CliftonDepartment of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Darren CameronCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Claire E TumeCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Nicholas J BrayCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Sophie E LeggeCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
James T R WaltersCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Peter A HolmansCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Michael C O'DonovanCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Michael J OwenCentre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Cognitive impairment is typically more severe in schizophrenia (SZ) than bipolar disorder (BD). We explored the underlying genetics and biology of this difference and its relationship to educational attainment (EA) using genomic structural equation modeling. Methods: Shared and differentiating fractions of liability for SZ and BD were derived and tested for their association with general intelligence ( Results: Shared liability was associated with poorer cognition but higher EA. The SZ differentiating fraction (SZ Conclusions: Shared liability for SZ and BD is enriched for alleles that confer risk for poorer cognitive function in the general population but is associated with noncognitive traits that enhance EA. In contrast, SZ

Indexed as

Bipolar disorderCognitionEducationEnrichmentGenomicsSchizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID41089672
PMCPMC12516558

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.