ArticleParasites & vectors2025
Mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in Culicidae mosquitoes from Hainan Island, China.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Genetic variations in three insecticide targets in the disease vectorFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
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Abstract
backgroundMosquito-borne diseases represent critical global public health threats. Insecticide-based prevention and interventions remain essential for disease and vector management. However, insecticide resistance in mosquitoes threatens the effectiveness of these management measures. This study investigated the susceptibility to pyrethroid insecticides and associated resistance mechanisms in five dominant mosquito populations on Hainan Island, China.
methodsWorld Health Organization (WHO) tube bioassays were conducted to evaluate insecticide resistance profiles in Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. We assessed the synergistic effects of pre-exposure to 4% piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on deltamethrin mortality rates in Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus populations. We genotyped kdr alleles at codon 1534 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in Ae. albopictus and at codon 1014 in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
resultsAll five mosquito species exhibited significant resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Ae. albopictus populations from seven localities were resistant to 0.25% permethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, and 0.03% alpha-cypermethrin, with mortality rates ranging from 0% to 35.0%, 4.0% to 51.0%, and 2.0% to 27.0%, respectively. Similarly, Cx. quinquefasciatus populations from five sites demonstrated resistance to 0.25% permethrin, 0.4% deltamethrin, and 0.5% alpha-cypermethrin, with all mortality rates below 90%. Three Armigeres subalbatus populations also exhibited resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, with one population showing probable resistance to deltamethrin. Pre-exposure to 4% PBO significantly increased mortality rates in both Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin alone. However, PBO pre-exposure only partially restored the susceptibility of the mosquitoes to pyrethroids. Molecular analysis revealed a higher frequency of kdr mutations (F1534C and F1534S) in resistant Ae. albopictus (mean 67.6% ± 24.3%) compared with susceptible mosquitoes (mean 31.6% ± 12.4%) across four of the five populations. For Cx. quinquefasciatus, the kdr mutation frequency was significantly greater in resistant mosquitoes (mean 82.9% ± 15.0%) than in susceptible mosquitoes (mean 52.8% ± 32.6%).
conclusionsThe results indicated potential multiple resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes in Hainan and highlight the need for systematic monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance. Innovative mosquito control strategies are needed to support the development and implementation of effective, evidence-based vector control programs.
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