ArticleBMC surgery2025
An innovative ischemic diabetic flap model for chronic wound research.
Article in BMC surgery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Exosomes orchestrate immune homeostasis in acute ischemia-reperfusion flap injury and chronic wounds: the TLR4/NF-κB-STAT3 R-ratio balance decision model, engineering optimization and translational clinical strategy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Skin Regeneration in Diabetic Rats Using Gold Nanoparticles-Bioactive Glass Oil-in-Water Cream.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Preclinical animal models that are simple, reproducible, and capable of partially mimicking the pathophysiological features of clinical diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are essential for advancing research on refractory wound healing. Compared to mice, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats offer advantages such as reduced stress and greater ease of modeling. Additionally, type 2 diabetes induced in rats via a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection is more cost-effective than genotyped rats. To simulate ulcers caused by diabetic vasculopathy, we established two bipedicle ischemic flaps of different widths (2 cm and 2.5 cm, both 11 cm long) on the backs of diabetic rats. Two full-thickness skin defects (6 mm in diameter) were created bilaterally at the flap midpoint to prevent fascial contraction that is a common issue in conventional models. As controls, we created bipedicle ischemic flaps (11 cm long, 2 cm wide) and corresponding wounds on the backs of normal SD rats. Additionally, classic full-thickness wounds (6 mm in diameter) were established at the same location on diabetic rats without flaps. We evaluated wound healing rates, epithelialization, neocollagenesis, angiogenesis, macrophage polarization, and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors and MMPs. The wounds within the 2.0 cm-wide ischemic flaps exhibited delayed epithelialization, reduced neocollagenesis, and an increased number of CD31-positive endothelial cells, with elevated VEGF-A expression but fewer mature blood vessels. Higher levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 MMP2 and MMP9, and M1 macrophages were also observed. In conclusion, a bipedicle ischemic flap (11 cm long, 2 cm wide) combined with full-thickness skin defects on the backs of type 2 diabetic rats induced by a high-fat diet with STZ injection provides an effective model for studying DFU-associated vasculopathy and chronic inflammation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.