Trial reportSaudi medical journal2025
Characterization and management of pain across phases of intraosseous infusion in emergency department patients with non-cardiac arrest.
Trial report in Saudi medical journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo identify risk factors for moderate-to-severe pain during intraosseous infusion (IOI) in non-cardiac arrest patients in the emergency department (ED). Secondary aims include evaluating pain trajectory across procedural stages and assessing the efficacy of a personalized pain management strategy.
methodsThis mixed-methods study analyzed 220 ED patients undergoing IOI (150 retrospective, 70 prospective). The prospective cohort was randomized to standard care (n=35) or personalized pain management (n=35). Pain was quantified using the numeric rating scale (NRS) and critical-care pain observation tool (CPOT).
resultsDuring puncture, 35.33% (53/150) reported no/mild pain. Pain severity peaked during flushing, with 73.33% (110/150) experiencing moderate/severe pain. At 15-minute infusion, this decreased to 57.33% (86). Univariate analysis identified gender and BMI as pain-associated factors (
conclusionIntraosseous infusion flushing induces the most severe pain, particularly among females and low-BMI patients. Personalized, stage-targeted analgesia significantly improves pain control without compromising safety, supporting its integration into emergency IOI protocols.
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