Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41086985›Full record

ArticleJournal of advanced research2026

Ganoderma lucidum spore powder enhances IFN-α-mediated antiviral capacity of COVID-19 vaccine boosters revealed by single-cell multi-omics sequencing.

Anyao Li, Xiaoyan Lu, Rongfang Guo, Wenbo Guo, Penghui Yang, He Lou, Jie Chen, Enshan Huang, Ronghua Zhang, Hanbo Wang and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of advanced research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Anyao LiCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Xiaoyan LuCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: Luxy@zju.edu.cn.
Rongfang GuoCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Wenbo GuoCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
Penghui YangCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
He LouCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Jie ChenCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Enshan HuangZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
Ronghua ZhangZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China.
Hanbo WangShouXianGu Botanical Drug Institute, Hangzhou 311121 Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding and Exploitation of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, Wuyi 321200 Zhejiang, China.
Jihong YangShouXianGu Botanical Drug Institute, Hangzhou 311121 Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding and Exploitation of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, Wuyi 321200 Zhejiang, China.
Zhenhao LiShouXianGu Botanical Drug Institute, Hangzhou 311121 Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biological Breeding and Exploitation of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms, Wuyi 321200 Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: zhenhao@zju.edu.cn.
Xiaohui FanCollege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China; The Joint-laboratory of Clinical Multi-Omics Research Between Zhejiang University and Ningbo Municipal Hospital of TCM, Ningbo Municipal Hospital of TCM, Ningbo 315100, China. Electronic address: fanxh@zju.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionReduced vaccine efficacy may hinder stable herd immunity. Traditional natural medicinal ingredients, such as Ganoderma lucidum products, have shown potential as safe and effective adjuvants to improve vaccine efficacy. However, their roles in assisting human epidemiological vaccines remain uninvestigated.

objectivesThis study aimed to evaluate Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GLSP) as an adjuvant for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine boosters and to elucidate its underlying immunomodulatory mechanisms.

methodsThe microneutralization assay was utilized to measure the percentage of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) inhibition. The single-cell multi-omics sequencing was performed to investigate the mechanism of GLSP. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (UPLC-MRM-MS) were used to characterize the chemical composition of GLSP. The molecular docking and in vitro validated experiments were performed to identify triterpenoids that are active in inducing interferon (IFN)-α production and signaling.

resultsIn comparison with vaccination alone, GLSP significantly enhanced the NAbs percent inhibition in participants with moderate baseline immunity at 90 days post-vaccination. At the cellular level, GLSP substantially expanded the myeloid cell proportions, particularly classical monocytes (CMs), and augmented their interactions with T and B cells. It also promoted a stronger IFN-α response in innate and adaptive immune cells. In innate immunity, GLSP enhanced the transcription factor activity and chromatin accessibility related to IFN-α stimulation. In adaptive immunity, GLSP induced distinct biases for gene usage and clonal expansion of BCRs and TCRs, contributing to stronger antiviral immunity. Crucially, a combination of chemical profiling and functional validation identified the triterpenoid ganoderic acid H (GH) as the key active component responsible for inducing the IFN-α response.

conclusionsGLSP demonstrates significant potential as a safe, orally administered adjuvant to counteract waning vaccine efficacy by promoting a robust, IFN-α-mediated antiviral state at the multi-omics level.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesInterferon-alphaReishiSARS-CoV-2Spores, FungalAdjuvants, ImmunologicAntibodies, NeutralizingHumansMultiomicsPowdersSingle-Cell AnalysisAdjuvants, ImmunologicAntibodies, NeutralizingCOVID-19 VaccinesInterferon-alphaPowdersAdjuvantCOVID-19 vaccineGanoderma lucidum spore powderIFN-αSingle-cell

Identifiers

PMID41086985
PMCPMC13316359

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