ArticleJMIR pediatrics and parenting2025
Social and Environmental Determinants of Childhood Stunting in Indonesia: National Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in JMIR pediatrics and parenting, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Elevated Levels of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Biomarkers Among Rural Indonesian Infants: Associations with Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Linear Growth.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Determinants and district-level variation in childhood undernutrition in Sindh, Pakistan: evidence from MICS 2018.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Cumulative High-Risk Pregnancy Complications and Stunting Risk in Indonesian Children Younger Than 5 Years: Retrospective Analysis Using the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Framework.Asian/Pacific Island nursing journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The cause-effect of stunting is known as a complex factor, including family, environmental, social, and cultural factors, in stunting among children. Yet, the latest updated associated factors emphasizing on social and environmental factors are still limited. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the latest evidence on the factors associated with stunting, with a particular focus on various factors. Methods: A secondary data analysis using the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (Survei Kesehatan Indonesia [SKI] 2023) was conducted. This study analyzed a total of 78,049 (or 81,068 if weighted) children aged 5 years and younger who had a complete response to all interest variables. Bivariate analysis using the Pearson χ2 test with a P value of <.05 for determining a significant association and a multivariate analysis for further analysis of the association between the outcome and each predictor were implemented. Results: The prevalence of stunting in this study was 15,958/78,049 children (19.69%). In the adjusted analysis, immunization status (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.34, 95% CI 1.22-1.48; P<.001) and KPS (Kartu Perlindungan Sosial; Social Protection Card) ownership (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.21; P<.001) were significantly associated with higher odds of stunting. Conversely, children in the wealthiest quintile were significantly less likely to experience stunting compared to those from the poorest families (aOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.42-0.52; P<.001). Other variables, such as household water sources (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.37; P=.04), and geographical location, particularly in Sulawesi (aOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.14-1.33; P<.001) and Papua and Maluku (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08-1.33; P<.001), were also significantly associated with increased odds of stunting. Conclusions: Not receiving immunization, consuming water from unimproved sources, ownership of a Social Protection Card, and living in regions such as eastern Indonesia were significantly associated with childhood stunting. These findings emphasize that social and environmental factors remain critical determinants of stunting. Improving multifaceted and holistic interventions, with a focus on immunization coverage, good water access, social protection, and reducing regional disparities, is essential to accelerate progress toward stunting reduction targets.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.