ArticleEpidemiology and psychiatric sciences2025
Mental health symptoms and associated factors for general population at the stable, recurrence, and end-of-emergency stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated national cross-sectional study.
Article in Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gender-Specific Network Structures of Depression and PTSD Symptoms in Chinese Firefighters.Psychology research and behavior management · 2026Article
- The Clinical, Humanistic, and Economic Burden of Idiopathic Hypersomnia in the United States: Analysis of the National Health and Wellness Survey.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Article
- Meaning in life, emptiness and depression among adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Analysis of factors influencing post-pandemic sleep quality among hospital clinical staff in Haikou, China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Insomnia of students following the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions in China: Prevalence, influencing factors, and associations with depression, anxiety, and PTSD.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
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Abstract
aimsThe COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated psychological distress, but limited information is available on the shifts in mental health symptoms and their associated factors across different stages. This study was conducted to more reliably estimate shifts in mental health impacts and to identify factors associated with symptoms at different pandemic stages.
methodsWe performed a national repeated cross-sectional study at stable (2021), recurrence (2022), and end-of-emergency (2023) stages based on representative general national population with extensive geographic coverage. Anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and insomnia symptoms were evaluated by GAD-7, PHQ-9, IES-R and ISI scales, respectively, and their associated factors were identified via multivariable linear regression.
resultsGenerally, 42,000 individuals were recruited, and 36,218, 36,097 and 36,306 eligible participants were included at each stage. The prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms increased from 13.7-16.4% at stable to 17.3-22.2% at recurrence and decreased to 14.5-18.6% at end of emergency, while PTSD symptom continuously increased from 5.1% to 7.6% and 9.2%, respectively (all significant,
conclusionsMental health symptoms increased when pandemic recurred, and could remain after end-of-emergency, requiring prolonged interventions. Several key factors associated with mental symptoms and their variations were identified at different pandemic stages, suggesting different at-risk populations.
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