ReviewBMC infectious diseases2025
Comparative analysis of Mpox clades: epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and detection strategies.
Review in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Drivers of Viral Spillover: An Examination of How Pathogens Spread.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Emerging Viral Zoonoses: Epidemiology, Vaccination Strategies, and Implications for Global Public Health.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Risk Assessment Method for Global Monkeypox Importation into China - May 2022-September 2025.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Trends of Pathogenicity and Potential Risk Evaluation of Central African Mpox Variant to Cause Global Public Health Emergency: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Peri-Umbilicated Pseudopustules in Mpox.Oxford medical case reports · 2026Article
- Insights into Monkeypox Virus: Host Immunity, Viral Immune Evasion, Recent Advances in Vaccines, Therapeutic Development, and Future Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- 1-Hydroxy-1,8-napthyridinone (DHN) Analogs Potently Inhibit Monkeypox Virus Resolvase (Mpr).Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- The Emerging Threat of Monkeypox: An Updated Overview.Viruses · 2026Review
- Serological evidence uncovers undocumented mpox exposure in febrile patients in Nigeria.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Early epidemiologic and genomic insights from Sierra Leone's first mpox cases, 2025.The Pan African medical journal · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMonkeypox (Mpox), a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, has gained global attention due to rising incidence and the emergence of new clades. Understanding the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and diagnostic challenges associated with the two major clades, Clades I and II, is crucial for outbreak preparedness and control.
methodsThis review analyzes Mpox clades, highlighting their geographic distribution, virulence, transmissibility, and diagnostic approaches. It also presents recent outbreaks, diagnostic advancements, vaccination strategies, and critical research gaps in Mpox surveillance and response.
resultsClade I, primarily in Central Africa, exhibits the highest virulence with a 5–10% case fatality rate. Clade II, which includes subclades IIa, IIb, and the newly identified Clade Ib, demonstrates lower virulence but higher transmissibility beyond endemic regions. Recent outbreaks (2022–2024), driven by Clade IIb, present atypical clinical presentations and emphasize intimate human-to-human contact as a key transmission route. Polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, and emerging CRISPR-based diagnostics have improved detection, while modified vaccinia Ankara-based vaccines have shown effectiveness despite challenges in equitable distribution.
conclusionsAddressing critical research gaps, such as clade-specific virulence mechanisms, zoonotic reservoirs, and evolutionary patterns, is essential for improving Mpox surveillance and control. Strengthening genomic surveillance, expanding access to affordable diagnostics, and fostering international collaboration will enhance preparedness for future outbreaks and mitigate the impact of this emerging infectious disease. HIGHLIGHTS: • Comparison of Mpox virus (MPXV) clades, in geography, virulence, transmission, and clinical outcomes between Clade I, Clade II, and emerging subclades IIb and Ib. • The epidemiology of Mpox focuses on the 2022–2024 global outbreaks of Clade IIb, marked by unusual clinical presentations and fast human-to-human spread in non-endemic areas. • Key advancements in diagnostic technologies like PCR, NGS, and CRISPR assays, improving MPXV detection and clade differentiation. • The effectiveness of MVA-based vaccines against various MPXV clades is presented while highlighting challenges in equitable distribution and region-specific vaccination strategies. • Emerging Mpox research priorities include genomic surveillance, clade-specific virulence, affordable diagnostics, and overcoming socioeconomic barriers to outbreak management.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.