Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41083811›Full record

ArticleClinical rheumatology2025

Global burden of rheumatic vs non-rheumatic valvular heart disease, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study.

Huirui Tang, Kexin Zhang, Jinyan Chen, Xiaofei Zhang, Xiao Yu, Jiayi Ren, Yuqun Wang, Yujie Ma, Ningning Hou, Chengxia Kan and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Clinical rheumatology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Huirui Tang *Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Kexin Zhang *Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Jinyan ChenDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Xiaofei ZhangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Xiao YuDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Jiayi RenDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Yuqun WangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Yujie MaClinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Ningning HouDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China.
Chengxia Kan *Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China. fykanchengxia@sdsmu.edu.cn.
Xiaodong SunDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China. xiaodong.sun@sdsmu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7775-2823

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82170865National Natural Science Foundation of China 82370856Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province tsqn202211365
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study aims to systematically analyze global, regional, and national trends in the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and non-rheumatic valvular heart disease (NRVHD) from 1990 to 2021, and to project future trends through 2036 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

methodsData were extracted from the Global Health Data Exchange and stratified by age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). The analysis included cases, deaths, mortality rates, DALYs, and age-standardized rates (ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR) for both RHD and NRVHD. Projections for 2022-2036 were made using the ARIMA model.

resultsIn 2021, the global incidence of RHD was estimated at 3.85 million cases (95% UI: 3,056,084.82-4,783,797.73), with a higher prevalence among females (53.41%). RHD accounted for 373,345 deaths (95% UI: 324,139.65-444,761.76), with females comprising 56.98% of these. DALYs due to RHD totaled 13.43 million (95% UI: 11,517,020.93-15,780,163.69), with females representing 55.05%. The incidence of NRVHD reached 2.21 million cases (95% UI: 2,048,266.87-2,375,325.37), predominantly among males (60.17%). However, NRVHD-related deaths totaled 181,078 (95% UI: 155,363.66-195,716.85), with females accounting for a higher proportion (58.79%). DALYs due to NRVHD reached 3.24 million (95% UI: 2,934,104.15-3,594,473.74). From 1990 to 2021, RHD mortality declined in high-income countries but remained a major cause of death in low- and middle-income countries. In contrast, both the incidence and mortality of NRVHD increased significantly, particularly in high-income countries, driven by aging populations and lifestyle-related risk factors.

conclusionThis study underscores the substantial global burden of RHD and NRVHD. RHD disproportionately affects younger populations in low- and middle-income countries, while NRVHD is increasingly prevalent among older adults in high-income countries. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential to mitigating the worldwide impact of these conditions. Key Points • Systematically analyzes global trends of RHD and NRVHD from 1990 to 2021 and projected to 2036. • RHD remains prevalent in younger populations in low- and middle-income countries. • NRVHD is rising among older adults in high-income regions.

Indexed as

Global Burden of DiseaseHeart Valve DiseasesRheumatic Heart DiseaseAdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overChildChild, PreschoolDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedGlobal trendsNon-rheumatic valvular heart diseaseRheumatic heart disease

Identifiers

PMID41083811

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.