ReviewImmuno-oncology technology2025
Protein engineering to overcome limitations of key cytokines in cancer immunotherapy: current approaches and future perspectives.
Review in Immuno-oncology technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Innovative biomaterial solutions for enhancing the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy.Immunologic research · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Given their central role in immune regulation, cytokines have long been considered attractive therapeutic agents, particularly in cancer immunotherapy. Despite a strong preclinical and clinical rationale, only a limited number of cytokines have been approved for cancer immunotherapy to date, and their clinical use often remains limited to specialized centers. Here we briefly review the biological traits that make some of the most widely studied cytokines-specifically, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, and IL-12-attractive for immunotherapy and, conversely, the challenges encountered during their clinical translation. Focusing on these three cytokines in the context of systemic or local delivery, we highlight protein engineering strategies that address challenges to increase their therapeutic index, such as poor tolerability, short serum half-life, and pleiotropy. For systemic delivery, these strategies include the use of shielded cytokines and immunocytokines to elicit tissue context-dependent activity by taking advantage of unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Half-life extension domains to increase serum prevalence, partial agonism to restrict activity to intended effector cells, and
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