ArticleFrontiers in public health2025
Economic burdens of health expenditure for multi-morbidity of older people with hypertension in China and Vietnam.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The association between air pollution and hypertension: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.iScience · 2026Article
- Proactive Screening Beliefs in Chinese High-Risk Patients of Panvascular Disease from the Perspective of Health Belief Model: A Qualitative Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is prevalent in older adults and often coexists with other chronic diseases, increasing healthcare costs, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like China and Viet Nam. These nations are experiencing rapid population aging, yet comparative evidence on the economic burden of hypertension-related multimorbidity is lacking. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the financial burden, measured by out-of-pocket health expenditures (OOPHE) and catastrophic health expenditures (CHE), associated with hypertension and common comorbidities (joint disease, heart disease, and diabetes) among older adults in China and Viet Nam. Methods: Researchers analyzed data from national surveys in China (2018) and Viet Nam (2020) for adults aged 60+. They categorized hypertensive individuals by comorbidities and used regression models to assess the link between these disease clusters and OOPHE and CHE, adjusting for socioeconomic factors. CHE was defined as health spending at or above 40% of a household's capacity to pay. Findings: Comorbidities were common in both countries. In China, CHE prevalence was highest for individuals with hypertension and heart disease (30.8%), which was the comorbidity posing the greatest financial risk. In Viet Nam, the hypertension-diabetes cluster had the highest CHE risk (13.5%). In China, all comorbidity groups were associated with higher OOPHE. In Viet Nam, however, only the hypertension-diabetes group showed a significant increase in OOPHE. Conclusions: Multimorbidity significantly increases the financial burden for older adults with hypertension, with the key impactful diseases varying by country. Heart disease imposes the greatest burden in China, while diabetes is the primary driver in Viet Nam. Targeted policies, such as improving outpatient coverage and tailoring benefits to common disease combinations, are crucial to protect aging populations in LMICs from financial hardship.
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