ArticleMaterials today. Bio2025
A dual-drug sequential delivery hydrogel for programmatic microglia/macrophage polarization and function recovery in spinal cord injury.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recent Advances in Diversified Materials for Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Engineered CCR2 positive macrophages coordinate immunoregulation with neural regeneration and matrix remodeling after spinal cord injury.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling with Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Responsive Hydrogel to Promote Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury.Biomaterials research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Precisely modulating microglia/macrophage polarization to meet the dynamic needs of different stages after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant challenge due to the complexity of M1/M2 polarization processes. This study introduces a dual-drug sequential delivery hydrogel (DSDH) to modulate microglia/macrophage polarization through sequential-drug release. DSDH utilizes a hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel combined with fucoidan nanoparticles to deliver minocycline initially, suppressing M1 polarization during early acute inflammatory stage, and a biotin-streptavidin system to release interleukin-4 subsequently, promoting M2 polarization in late non-acute stage. In a rat model of SCI, DSDH programmatically modulated the inflammatory microenvironment, significantly reduced scar formation, and effectively enhanced neuron regeneration compared to dual-drug non-sequential delivery hydrogel (non-DSDH). Additionally, compared with non-DSDH, DSDH improved motor function, alleviated bladder dysfunction, and reduced lesion cavity. This study underscores the potential of temporal-controlled drug release for SCI immunotherapy, offering a promising strategy for addressing dynamic neuroinflammatory responses and improving functional recovery after SCI.
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Registered trials
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