ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Bladder cancer immunotherapy parallel advances in BCG optimization and next-generation vaccine platforms.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Biomimetic delivery of a STING agonistMaterials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Nano-armed bcg delivers Cu-Fe MOF to trigger dual cell death in bladder cancer.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in bladder cancer: from mechanistic insights to emerging combination frontlines.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Changes of urinary immunity and microbiome after intravesical BCG therapy and their association with outcomes in NMIBC.Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy · 2026Article
- Recent advances in immunotherapy for bladder cancer: mechanisms, clinical applications, and future perspectives.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) remains a significant global health challenge with rising incidence and suboptimal outcomes in advanced stages. Although immunotherapy for urological cancers is not a new treatment, recent clinical advances have confirmed the value of immunotherapy as a urological cancer treatment. In the field of cancer immunotherapy, increasing attention has been focused on the use of cancer vaccines that activate T cells to target growing tumors. Despite Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) intravesical immunotherapy serving as the first-line treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), its limitations, including systemic toxicity, BCG unresponsiveness, and rapid bladder clearance-necessitate novel therapeutic strategies. This descriptive review synthesizes recent advances in BCG optimization and emerging cancer vaccines for BCa, including peptides, antigen-presenting cells, viruses, or nucleic acids, that seeks to stimulate the patient's immune response targeting tumor cells. Our study underscores the transformative potential of next-generation vaccines in redefining BCa management while addressing critical barriers to implementation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.