Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41080559›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025

Pro-inflammatory S100A9 contributes to retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma.

Zuo Wang, Yang Chen, Jinxia Wang, Wenbo Xiu, Gao Zhang, Yanping Gao, An Li, Ping Long, Bolin Deng, Chong He and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Immunological drivers of oxidative stress in glaucoma: implications for antioxidant therapy.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Zuo Wang *Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Yang Chen *Translational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Jinxia WangTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Wenbo XiuTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Gao ZhangTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Yanping GaoTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
An LiTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Ping LongTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Bolin DengDepartment of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Chong HeTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Fang LuTranslational Clinical Immunology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

S100A9 is a pro-inflammatory protein involved in neuroinflammation and central nervous system (CNS) neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, shares common pathogenic mechanisms with CNS disorders. These parallels suggest a potential role for S100A9 in glaucoma; however, its precise contribution remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between S100A9 and glaucoma by enrolling 121 patients with glaucoma, administering intravitreal injections of recombinant murine S100A9 (rmS100A9), and employing an elevated intraocular pressure (EIOP)-induced glaucoma mouse model. We found that circulating S100A9 levels were elevated in patients with glaucoma and positively associated with disease stage. Retinal S100A9 expression was significantly elevated and correlated with progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in EIOP glaucoma mice. Furthermore, intravitreal injection of rmS100A9 led to direct RGC degeneration. Both enrichment analyses and experimental validation indicated that S100A9 may contribute to glaucomatous injury by promoting neuroinflammatory responses in retinal microglia and astrocyte via activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway. These results raise the possibility that S100A9 as a potential target for future therapeutic exploration in glaucoma.

Indexed as

Calgranulin BGlaucomaRetinal Ganglion CellsAgedAnimalsAstrocytesDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHumansIntravitreal InjectionsMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMicrogliaMiddle AgedNeuroinflammatory DiseasesCalgranulin BRecombinant ProteinsS100A9 protein, humanToll-Like Receptor 4glaucomaglial activationneuroinflammationretinal neurodegenerationS100A9

Identifiers

PMID41080559
PMCPMC12507546

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.