ArticleMalaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia2025
Association of symptoms and comorbidities with hospitalization among patients infected with coronavirus disease : A cross-sectional study among users of Universitas Sumatera Utara's COVID-19 Telemedicine.
Article in Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and was declared by the World Health Organization as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. However, COVID-19 will continue to occur in the future. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the factors that affect the risk of hospitalisation of patients infected with COVID-19 so that preventive measures can be taken promptly. Methods: This study adopted a descriptive, analytic, cross-sectional research design. The sample included the people of North Sumatra who used Universitas Sumatera Utara's COVID-19 Telemedicine and met the research criteria. The data were analysed using the chi-square test, with odds ratios (ORs) calculated. Results: Among the clinical symptoms of the patients, runny nose (OR=10.9), sore throat (OR=23.5), muscle pain (OR=24.3), headache (OR=33.7), diarrhoea (OR=7.7), nausea (OR=10.6), vomiting (OR=4.4), ageusia (OR=6.3) and anosmia (OR=5.5) were more commonly associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation. Among the comorbidities, hypertension (OR=2.5) and diabetes (OR=4.9) increased the risk of hospitalisation. Conclusion: Runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, ageusia, anosmia, diabetes and hypertension are associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation among patients with COVID-19.
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