Investigating the factors influencing antibiotic use practices and their association with antimicrobial resistance awareness among poultry farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria.

Objective: Effectively addressing poultry farmers' antibiotic use and its role in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a significant challenge, but improving their knowledge and practices is crucial for mitigating AMR risks and safeguarding public health. This study aimed to assess farmers' understanding and behaviors to identify public health risks and inform targeted interventions. Design: Survey-based cross-sectional study. Setting: 200 poultry farms in Enugu State, Nigeria. Participants: Poultry farmers. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 200 poultry farms in Enugu State, Nigeria, was conducted using a validated questionnaire targeting farmers responsible for key farm decisions. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic data, AMR knowledge, and antibiotic use practices. Ethical approval was obtained, and participants provided oral consent. Results: Findings showed that 90.5% of farmers used antibiotics, primarily for treating infections (80.5%) and for growth promotion or prophylaxis (61%). Ampicillin (75%), ciprofloxacin (71.5%), and doxycycline (71%) were the most commonly used antibiotics, with monthly administration being prevalent (48%). Additionally, 89% of respondents believed antibiotics promote poultry growth. Alarmingly, 65% were unaware of AMR, and only 16% recognized its health risks. Conclusion: The heavy reliance on antibiotics, particularly ampicillin, raises concerns about beta-lactamase selection amid Nigeria's carbapenem resistance issues. The significant knowledge gap among farmers highlights the urgent need for targeted education and stricter antibiotic regulation to mitigate AMR risks in poultry farming.