ArticleAnnals of gastroenterology2025
Non-pharmacological techniques complementary to sedation administration decrease pain and anxiety during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a meta-analysis.
Article in Annals of gastroenterology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Background: We performed a meta-analysis to assess the effect of non-pharmacological techniques, such as virtual reality (VR) and music, as adjuncts to sedation administration during gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures. Methods: We performed a systematic review across MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register libraries of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published between 2014 and 2024, evaluating how non-pharmacological techniques affected patients' reported pain (primary outcome), and anxiety and satisfaction (secondary outcomes), during endoscopy. We performed pairwise meta-analyses and expressed the effect size on study outcomes. We assessed the quality of evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: Twelve RCTs analyzing outcomes from 1511 patients (non-pharmacological techniques n=762; standard sedation n=749) were included. Compared to the sedation-only group, application of non-pharmacological techniques resulted overall in significantly lower pain as mean difference [MD] -1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.64 to -0.41; I Conclusion: Concomitant application of virtual reality and/or music as adjuncts to sedation administration during GI endoscopic procedures decreases pain and anxiety, at the same improving time patient satisfaction.
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