ReviewACS omega2025
Manganese Alloy ProductionA Review of the SAF Process and Emerging Technologies.
Review in ACS omega, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy to the Study of Iron Phase States in Products of Magnetization Roasting of Ferruginous Manganese Ore and Concentrate.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Manganese alloys are essential to the steel-making industry, where they are primarily produced in submerged arc furnaces (SAFs) using a mixture of manganese ores, slags, and carbon-based reductants. However, this production process is one of the leading sources of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global warming and conflict with the International Energy Agency's Sustainable Development Goals targeting net-zero emissions by 2050. This review critically examines the key process variables, including slag composition, reductant type, raw material properties, particle size, and operating temperature, and their influence on environmental performance. Emerging technologies aimed at decarbonizing Mn-alloy production are evaluated in terms of technical maturity and scalability. Among these, biocarbon substitution, particularly the use of charcoal in place of coke, has demonstrated the highest commercial readiness, with several facilities operating at full scale. Hydrogen-based reduction and plasma arc furnaces offer promising long-term solutions but require substantial infrastructure development. Integrated approaches such as the Duplex FeMn-DRI, HAlMan, and AlloyStream processes show potential for circular resource utilization, though most remain at the pilot scale. Overall, biocarbon-based methods currently represent the most viable pathway for near-term decarbonization, while continued innovation and investment are essential to advance other technologies toward industrial implementation.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.