Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41077293›Full record

Trial reportClinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)2026

Oral live attenuated polio vaccines induce enhanced T-cell responses with broad antigen recognition compared to inactivated polio vaccines.

Julia Snyder, Marni Slavik, Patrick Harvey, Roxana Del Rio-Guerra, Bernardo A Mainou, Alessandro Sette, Beth D Kirkpatrick, Alba Grifoni, Jessica W Crothers

Abstract readComparative StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Julia SnyderUniversity of Vermont Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
Marni SlavikUniversity of Vermont Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
Patrick HarveyUniversity of Vermont Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
Roxana Del Rio-GuerraFlow Cytometry and Small Particles Detection Facility (RRID:SCR_022147), Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
Bernardo A MainouPolio and Picornavirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
Alessandro SetteCenter for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Beth D KirkpatrickUniversity of Vermont Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
Alba GrifoniCenter for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Jessica W CrothersUniversity of Vermont Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; University of Vermont Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. Electronic address: Jessica.Crothers@med.uvm.edu.

Funding

Using Dengue Controlled Human Infection Model to Identify Adaptive Immune Correlates of ProtectionP20GM125498 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI Kristen Pierce · 2018 to 2026
$24.9M
THE IDENTIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF EPITOPES CONSERVED IN VIRAL PATHOGEN FAMILIES WITH PANDEMIC POTENTIAL75N93024C00056 · NIAID · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI FABRITZKY, BRANDON · 2024 to 2025
$2.1M
Understanding the Development of Mucosal Immunity to Poliovirus: Adjuvants and Modulation of the Enteric MicrobiotaK23AI175660 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI Jessica W. Crothers · 2024 to 2026
$485k
NIAID NIH HHS 75N93024C00056NIAID NIH HHS K23 AI175660NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM125498
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Little is known about the immunologic mechanisms responsible for observed differences in mucosal immunity following vaccination with oral live attenuated polio vaccines (OPVs) compared to inactivated polio vaccines (IPVs). Here, we used a flow cytometric activation-induced marker (AIM)-based approach to investigate vaccine-related differences in T cell response using peripheral blood samples from healthy adults enrolled in two polio vaccine trials. Our findings indicate that vaccination with OPVs (1) enhances CD4+ T cell responses, and (2) expands CD4+ and CD8+ antigen recognition of non-structural proteins. Fecal shedding of OPVs was associated with enhanced T cell responses, and primary CD8+ T cell responses appear to correlate with early control of fecal viral shedding. Our results indicate that OPVs induce broad cellular immunity to polioviruses, which may help explain their enhanced ability to stimulate effective pathogen-specific mucosal immunity.

Indexed as

CD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesPoliomyelitisPoliovirus Vaccine, InactivatedPoliovirus Vaccine, OralAdministration, OralAdultAntigens, ViralFecesFemaleHumansImmunity, MucosalMalePoliovirusVaccines, AttenuatedVirus SheddingAntigens, ViralPoliovirus Vaccine, InactivatedPoliovirus Vaccine, OralVaccines, AttenuatedAntigen-specific T cellsCellular vaccine immunityIPVMucosal immunityOPVPolioPoliomyelitisViral shedding

Identifiers

PMID41077293
PMCPMC13104038

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.