Robot-Assisted, Conventional Fluoroscopy (C-Arm), O-Arm Navigation, and Freehand Pedicle Screw Fixation in Thoracolumbar Spine Fracture Surgery: A Network Meta-Analysis.

Thoracolumbar fractures are a prevalent clinical disease, with several surgical techniques, including traditional freehand pedicle screw fixation (TFPSF), conventional fluoroscopy (C-arm) percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (CPPSF), O-arm-assisted percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (OPPSF), and robot-assisted percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (RPPSF), being currently applied. However, a comprehensive comparison of their relative efficacy across multiple perioperative and functional outcomes is lacking, leading to uncertainty in optimal technique selection. This network meta-analysis (NMA) evaluates and compares the clinical efficacy of these four surgical techniques to identify the most effective intervention and guide clinical decision-making. Researchers independently searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science for studies published before September 20, 2024. Studies were selected based on stringent eligibility criteria. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed using RoB 2.0, while cohort studies were evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). After data extraction, Bayesian network analysis was executed using R 4.2.2 and Stata 16.0. Nineteen studies were included, encompassing 1344 patients with thoracolumbar fractures. For screw accuracy, OPPSF ranked highest (SUCRA = 92.7%), significantly outperforming TFPSF (RR 1.12; 95% credible intervals [CrI] [1.04, 1.23]) and CPPSF (RR 1.12; 95% CrI [1.04, 1.22]), with RPPSF also surpassing both. OPPSF showed superior intraoperative blood loss reduction (SUCRA = 79.8%) while TFPSF had significantly more bleeding than others. For hospitalization, RPPSF ranked highest (SUCRA = 65.0%) but CPPSF significantly shortened stays versus TFPSF (MD -2.24; 95% CrI [-4.48, -0.03]). CPPSF also showed better pain control (SUCRA = 77.9%) with significantly lower VAS scores versus TFPSF (MD -1.02; 95% CrI [-1.71, -0.37]). RPPSF demonstrated the lowest complication risk (SUCRA = 94.9%), with both CPPSF and RPPSF showing significant reductions versus TFPSF. Additionally, although CPPSF ranked first in SUCRA for both operative time (SUCRA = 81.6%) and Cobb angle (SUCRA = 72.4%), the pairwise comparisons did not demonstrate statistical significance, necessitating cautious interpretation. In summary, OPPSF tends to demonstrate superior precision and blood loss control, CPPSF may optimize rehabilitation efficiency, while RPPSF appears to be the safest technique. Technique selection should balance clinical outcomes, economic feasibility, and patient-specific priorities.