Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41074569›Full record

ArticleMovement disorders clinical practice2026

Segmental and Multifocal Isolated Dystonias: Similarities and Differences.

Hyder A Jinnah, Vittorio Velucci, Daniele Belvisi, Gamze Kilic-Berkmen, Joel S Perlmutter, Laura J Wright, Christine Klein, Jeanne S Feuerstein, Steven Bellows, Joseph Jankovic and 29 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Movement disorders clinical practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Tardive cervical dystonia.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

39 authors.

Hyder A JinnahDepartment of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-3969
Vittorio VelucciDepartment of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9040-4884
Daniele BelvisiDepartment of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4485-2200
Gamze Kilic-BerkmenDepartment of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Joel S PerlmutterDepartment of Neurology, Radiology, Neuroscience, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Laura J WrightDepartment of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Christine KleinInstitute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
Jeanne S FeuersteinDepartment of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7701-3120
Steven BellowsParkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Joseph JankovicParkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Cynthia ComellaDepartment of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Richard L BarbanoDepartment of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
Aparna Wagle ShuklaDepartment of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Stephen G ReichDepartment of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Mark S LeDouxVeracity Neuroscience, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
Alberto J EspayJames J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-136X
Kevin R DuqueJames J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Florence C F ChangMovement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Victor S C FungMovement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3085-2282
Sarah Pirio-RichardsonDepartment of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Carmen TerranovaDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Emile S MoukheiberDepartment of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Sarah IdrissiNeurology Unit, "Dimiccoli" General Hospital, Barletta, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4617-8961
Barbara VitucciDepartment of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
Susan H FoxDivision of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Samuel FrankBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Natividad StoverDepartment of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Brian D BermanVCU Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0602-9942
Rachel Saunders-PullmanDepartment of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-8806
William G OndoDepartment of Neurology, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.
Christopher L GrothDepartment of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6228-0824
Marcello EspositoClinical Neurophysiology Unit, Antonio Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy.
Laura AvanzinoDepartment of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6286-1509
Francesco BonoCenter for Botulinum Toxin Therapy, Neurologic Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy.
Roberto ErroDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
Marcello Mario MasciaNeurology Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-5972
Antonella MuroniNeurology Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-0822
Alfredo BerardelliDepartment of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-3142
Giovanni DefazioDepartment of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Funding

Dystonia Coalition- Pilot ProjectU54NS116025 · NINDS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI JINNAH, HYDER A · 2019 to 2023
$7.1M
Dystonia CoalitionU54NS065701 · NINDS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI JINNAH, HYDER A · 2009 to 2014
$7.0M
Dystonia CoalitionU54TR001456 · NCATS · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI JINNAH, HYDER A · 2015 to 2016
$2.5M
NCATS NIH HHS U54 TR001456NINDS NIH HHS U54 NS065701NINDS NIH HHS U54 NS116025
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWhether the traditional distinction between segmental and multifocal dystonia is clinically or scientifically useful remains unclear.

objectiveTo evaluate whether idiopathic isolated adult-onset segmental and multifocal dystonia can be differentiated based on clinical features other than the contiguity of affected body regions.

methodsWe compared data on segmental and multifocal dystonia from two large dystonia databases established in the USA and Italy that used similar criteria for patient recruitment and assessment.

resultsCompared to segmental dystonia, multifocal dystonia was characterized by a higher proportion of men, a younger age at dystonia onset, a greater frequency of upper limb dystonia, and a lower frequency of cranial dystonia at both onset and last examination. Segmental and multifocal dystonia had a similar frequency of alleviating maneuvers, non-motor eye symptoms in blepharospasm, and neck pain and tremor in cervical dystonia. Although the initial spread pattern from focal to segmental or multifocal appeared faster in the segmental dystonia group, adjusting the analysis for the initial body site involved revealed no significant differences between the two groups. Segmental and multifocal dystonia starting in the same body site showed similar age, sex, and spread characteristics. The observed differences and similarities were consistent across both independent databases.

conclusionsSegmental and multifocal dystonia share differences and similarities. The observed differences may reflect a difference in the predominant site of dystonia onset. From a clinical perspective, therefore, the segmental/multifocal distinction is probably not valuable in the dystonia classification scheme, although further data may be needed from a pathophysiological perspective.

Indexed as

DystoniaDystonic DisordersAdultAgedAge of OnsetDatabases, FactualFemaleHumansItalyMaleMiddle AgedUnited Statesadult‐onset dystoniaidiopathic dystoniaisolated dystoniamultifocal dystoniasegmental dystonia

Identifiers

PMID41074569
PMCPMC13042789

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