ArticleOral and maxillofacial surgery2025
Prognostic significance of tumor budding in early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma with shallow depth of invasion.
Article in Oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThis study aims to explore prognostic factors for late cervical lymph node metastasis in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) with pathological depth of invasion (pDOI) ≤ 3 mm, which, despite shallow invasion, may still be associated with unfavorable oncological outcomes. We emphasize tumor budding (TB) as a potential risk indicator.
methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 107 patients with pT1–T2N0 OTSCC who underwent primary resection and with confirmed pDOI ≤ 3 mm. Variables associated with late cervical lymph node metastasis were first evaluated using univariate analysis. Significant factors were then tested in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. We also assessed whether combining pDOI and TB improved predictive performance.
resultsNeck recurrence occurred in 9 patients (8.4%) within 3 years. Multivariate analysis showed that TB ≥ 5 was significantly associated with late cervical lymph node metastasis. The combination of pDOI ≥ 2 mm and TB ≥ 5 improved sensitivity and negative predictive value for identifying high-risk cases.
conclusionIn OTSCC with shallow pDOI (≤ 3 mm), TB is a potential risk factor for late cervical lymph node metastasis. Incorporating TB into routine pathological evaluation may improve risk stratification in early-stage cases and inform postoperative surveillance strategies.
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