Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41070532›Full record

SynthesisJournal of oral & facial pain and headache2025

Association of temporomandibular disorders and other jaw anomalies in chewing gum users-a systematic review.

Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Maher Al Shayeb, Prabhu Manickam Natarajan, Huda Abutayyem, Marco Di Blasio, Maria Maddalena Marrapodi, Marco Cicciù, Giuseppe Minervini

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of oral & facial pain and headache, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mohammad Khursheed AlamPreventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, 72345 Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
Maher Al ShayebDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences and Research, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Prabhu Manickam NatarajanDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences and Research, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Huda AbutayyemDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences and Research, College of Dentistry, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
Marco Di BlasioDepartment of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
Maria Maddalena MarrapodiDepartment of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
Marco CicciùDepartment of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, 95123 Catania, Italy.
Giuseppe MinerviniSaveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, 600077 Chennai, India.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe relationship between chewing gum and the development of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and other jaw anomalies presents a contentious topic within dental and orthodontic research communities. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence regarding the association of gum chewing with the incidence of TMD and jaw anomalies.

methodsAdhering to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we conducted a comprehensive review across six electronic databases-PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO. The studies were chosen based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with quality and bias assessments performed on each included investigation. Data extraction and synthesis focused on the relationship between gum chewing habits and the occurrence of TMD symptoms.

resultsThe review included 8 investigations, yielding mixed outcomes. Some studies within this review indicated no direct causative link between the act of gum chewing and the development of TMD-related symptoms, suggesting that symptoms were transient and subsided with the cessation of gum chewing. Conversely, other research suggested a dose-response relationship where increased frequency and duration of gum chewing were associated with escalated TMD symptoms, such as muscle discomfort and hypertrophy. Notably, several studies highlighted the resilience of jaw musculature to adapt to the stress of chewing in individuals without pre-existing TMD, which might be indicative of a protective adaptive response.

conclusionsThe association between gum chewing and TMD is complex and multifaceted. Evidence from this systematic review suggests a spectrum of effects, from negligible impact to a dose-dependent relationship between gum chewing and TMD symptomatology. THE PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42024553227.

Indexed as

Chewing GumJawTemporomandibular Joint DisordersHumansMasticationChewing GumGum chewingJaw anomaliesMasticatory muscleMuscle stiffnessSystematic reviewTemporomandibular disorders

Identifiers

PMID41070532
PMCPMC12520423

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.