ArticleBMC oral health2025
In vivo biocompatibility of elderberry-enriched carboxymethyl chitosan in soft tissue and calvaria bone defects.
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundRegeneration of soft and hard tissues remains a major challenge in periodontal and craniofacial applications, necessitating the development of multifunctional and biocompatible scaffolds. This study investigates the in vivo biocompatibility and regenerative potential of elderberry-enriched, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE)-crosslinked carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCht-E) in a rat model.
methodsTwenty-six eight-week-old female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (subcutaneous, intramuscular, and calvarial; n = 7 per group). In each rat, symmetrical 5 mm defects were created, with the biomaterial implanted on one side and the contralateral side serving as the control. A sham group (n = 5) was included to account for surgical and imaging-related effects. Tissue responses were evaluated using ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histomorphometry, and immunohistochemistry (CD68/CD163).
resultsSoft tissue healing, confirmed by both ultrasonography and histological analysis, revealed similar characteristics between the biomaterial and control sites, suggesting a regenerative response closely resembling native tissue architecture. In the calvarial group, histomorphometric assessment and micro-CT analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increase in new bone formation in the CMCht-E group compared to controls (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in CD68 and CD163 expression between biomaterial and control groups (p > 0.05).
conclusionThis first in vivo study demonstrates that CMCht-E is biocompatible and supports bone and soft tissue regeneration through controlled biodegradation. These findings highlight its promise as a naturally derived biomaterial for future use in periodontal and tissue engineering applications.
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