ArticleBMC microbiology2025
Utilizing the effectiveness of phage cocktail to combat Shigella and Salmonella infections and their polymicrobial biofilm control activity.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Bacteriophage Therapy AgainstAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundShigella and Salmonella are major foodborne and waterborne pathogens responsible for acute gastrointestinal infections and significant global morbidity and mortality. Both species are capable of forming bacterial biofilms in the food processing industry, a key survival mechanism that significantly reduces the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs. The global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the urgent development of new strategies. Bacteriophages, particularly phage cocktails, provide a potential alternative because of their host specificity and ability to degrade biofilms.
resultsIn this study, a new bacteriophage, Sspk23, infecting Shigella sonnei, was isolated from lake water and biologically characterized to assess its lytic activity and stability under varying conditions. Furthermore, this study investigates the effectiveness of a phage cocktail, including a newly isolated Sspk23 and two previously identified phages, Sfk20 and STWB21, against Shigella and Salmonella infections with a focus on its ability to combat single and polymicrobial infections. The biofilm removal potential of the phage cocktail was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), and also quantitatively assessed in a microtiter plate. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted on human adherent epithelial cell line and macrophage cell line to confirm the safety of the phage and phage cocktail for therapeutic use.
conclusionsThe findings demonstrate the possibility of a phage cocktail as a substitute for conventional antibiotics in controlling Shigella and Salmonella infections. Additionally, their capacity to destroy biofilms indicates potential applications in clinical therapies, environmental remediation, and food safety. Future studies will be focused on phage-antibiotic synergy optimization and in vivo validation to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.