ArticleNature communications2025
The same biophysical mechanism is involved in both temporal interference and direct kHz stimulation of peripheral nerves.
Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Noninvasive nanosecond transcranial pulsed electric fields: deep-penetrating, high-field stimulation for suppressing hippocampal amyloid-β and improving cognitive function in an Alzheimer's disease model].Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi · 2026Article
- Neural dynamics of temporal interference stimulation monitoring by soft liquid metal interfaces across neural systems.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Manipulating speech perception with amplitude-modulated kilohertz magnetic perturbation (AM-kTMP).bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Enhancement of sleep slow wave activity using transcranial electrical stimulation with temporal interference: an interim analysis of the STRENGTHEN study.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Mapping the Global Trajectory and Key Trends of Temporal Interference Stimulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Modulated high-frequency stimulation enables precisely timed, selective nerve block.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- On the feasibility of temporal interference stimulation of human brains using two arrays of electrodes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Frequency shaping of tactile perception via transcutaneous interferential electrical stimulation: a simulation study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Temporal interference stimulation of peripheral nerves induces functionally diverse limb movements revealed by automated pose estimation and unsupervised behavioral analysis.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Temporal interference stimulation (TIS) is a promising noninvasive method for neurostimulation, yet its mechanism remains debated. TIS is often described as delivering low-frequency stimulation via the amplitude modulation (beat frequency) of interfering kHz carriers. However, this view overlooks known biophysical responses to kHz stimuli. Here, we test modulated (TIS) and unmodulated kHz waveforms on peripheral nerves in Locusta migratoria and in human sensory and motor pathways. We find that stimulation thresholds and strength-frequency relationships are governed by the kHz carrier itself, with minimal dependence on amplitude modulation. Across 0.5-12.5 kHz in humans and up to 100 kHz in locusts, all waveforms show overlapping excitation behavior, indicating a shared underlying mechanism. Our results support the hypothesis that suprathreshold TIS acts through kHz rectification, rather than envelope-specific effects. We further explore modulation frequency resonance, tonic vs. phasic effects, and suggest that two-electrode premodulated kHz may offer advantages over multielectrode TIS approaches.
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