Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41064518›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in medicine2025

Comprehensive review on COVID-19: etiology, pathogenicity, and treatment.

Amr El Zawily, Sarah Eckert, Reed Adajar, Nardin Wagih, Abeer H Elmaidomy, Abdelrahman M Helmy, Mazen Mustafa, Mazhar Elshorbagi, Erin Ghali, Rehab G Fadl and 3 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Heterogeneous Causes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Correlate With Distinct Peripheral Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolites.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Amr El ZawilyUniversity of Guelph, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Sarah EckertDepartment of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
Reed AdajarDepartment of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
Nardin WagihDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt.
Abeer H ElmaidomyDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
Abdelrahman M HelmyDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Assiut, Assiut, Egypt.
Mazen MustafaDeraya Center for Scientific Research, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt.
Mazhar ElshorbagiDepartment of Philosophy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt.
Erin GhaliDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Rehab G FadlDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
Jochen BodemInstitute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
Usama Ramadan AbdelmohsenDeraya Center for Scientific Research, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt.
Marco Y W ZakiDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With the unprecedented surge of severe COVID-19 cases in early 2020, researchers and medical professionals worked actively to identify effective viral infection treatments based on a scientific understanding of viruses. Over the past few years, an enormous amount of research has investigated the viral infection and replication processes following the first SARS-CoV-2 case. With this knowledge, many drugs have been explicitly created to inhibit viral replication or decrease the severity of the immune response. Additionally, scientists have utilized decades of research and techniques to expedite SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. SARS-CoV-2, a positive-strand RNA virus, belongs to the Sarbecovirus subgroup of Betacoronaviruses. Its emergence is not unique; previous outbreaks like SARS and MERS have shaped our understanding of coronavirus-related diseases. Molecular clock analysis suggests that the ancestor of all current coronaviruses existed over 10,000 years ago, with subsequent evolution occurring around 3300-2400 BC. Researchers have explored synthetic and natural treatments alongside other antiviral therapies, corticosteroids, and immunotherapies. Additionally, using artificial intelligence and nano-based technologies enriched SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and management. In this comprehensive review, we provide recent literature on COVID-19, exploring its evolving etiology, pathogenicity, and pathophysiology, alongside developments in synthetic and natural therapeutic strategies, vaccines, artificial intelligence in diagnosis, and nano-based technologies.

Indexed as

COVID-19etiologynatural productspathogenicitypathophysiologysynthetic

Identifiers

PMID41064518
PMCPMC12502089

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.