SynthesisBMC musculoskeletal disorders2025
The effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density and fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Plant-based macronutrients and micronutrients in combating osteoporosis: research insights and molecular pathways.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Pregnancy history is associated with lower odds of osteoporosis among Taiwanese women.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- The Gut-Bone Axis: A Systematic Review on the Potential Intervention Pathways for Bone Health.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A to Z of Health: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review of Multivitamin-Multimineral and Nutraceutical Supplementation.Cureus · 2026Review
- Vitamin D and Health Outcomes: State-of-the-Art Review of Triangulated Evidence and Ongoing Controversies.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Comparison of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and bone metabolism markers in hip fracture patients by fracture type and control group.Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES · 2026Article
- Association of uric acid, calcium, and creatinine with bone mineral density in adults over 50: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the efficacy of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
methodsWe conducted a comprehensive search across multiple medical databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, collecting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from database inception to present. Data extraction and analysis were performed to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), which were then presented in forest plots.
resultsEleven RCTs with 43,869 participants were included. Combined supplementation modestly improved BMD at the pelvis (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05–0.35, p = 0.01) without significant changes in BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, or total hip. The overall fracture risk was not significantly reduced (RR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.89–1.07, p = 0.68). Subgroup analyses revealed improvements in serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D levels (25OHD), especially in participants with baseline deficiencies (Z = 10.48, p < 0.001). No dose-response effect was noted for supplementation duration. Fracture outcomes from three large trials (> 42 000 participants) yielded a neutral effect on any clinical fracture (pooled RR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.85–1.07; Z = 1.08, P = 0.28; I² = 0%). Sensitivity analyses affirmed the findings’ stability, with no evident publication bias.
conclusionCombined calcium and vitamin D supplementation may improve pelvic BMD and correct serum 25OHD deficiencies in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, but does not reduce clinical fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Larger, highdose RCTs with rigorous adherence monitoring and adjudicated fracture endpoints are warranted. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.