Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41062987›Full record

ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2025

The immunological paradox of tubal ectopic pregnancy: unraveling immune tolerance amidst inflammation via single-cell sequencing.

Suming Xu, Ningxin Zhang, Yaoqin Wang, Xingyu Bi, Yonglian Wang, Xianping Wang, Pengfei Zhu, Xueqing Wu

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Suming XuCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China.
Ningxin ZhangCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China.
Yaoqin WangCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China.
Xingyu BiCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China.
Yonglian WangCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China.
Xianping WangCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China.
Pengfei ZhuCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China.
Xueqing WuCenter of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Shanxi and Women Health Center of Shanxi, No. 13, Xinmin North Street, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China. xueqingwu416@126.com.

Funding

Health Commission of Shanxi Province 2020TD19
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTubal ectopic pregnancy (TEP) is a common and serious obstetric complication with unclear pathogenesis. This study aims to use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze immune cell composition and functional changes in implantation sites (IS) and non-implantation sites (NIS) of fallopian tube tissues from TEP patients, exploring potential pathogenesis.

methodsWe performed scRNA-seq on IS and NIS tubal tissues from TEP patients, constructing a high-resolution immune atlas. Differential expression and functional enrichment analysis were applied to reveal functional reprogramming in key immune subsets.

resultsWe identified a total of 28 cell clusters encompassing 13 major cell types, and T/NK cells and macrophages as the predominant populations. Further subcluster analysis demonstrated CD4⁺ memory T cells (CD4⁺ Tm) enriched at the IS exhibited both pro-inflammatory and immune-tolerant function; CD8⁺ KLRC2⁺ effector T cells and CD8⁺ memory T cells (CD8⁺ Tm) were reduced in proportion and functionally impaired; monocyte numbers increased, contributing to chronic inflammation and abnormal angiogenesis; M1 macrophages decreased while M2 macrophages increased, promoting immune tolerance, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Therefore, functional reprogramming and altered cellular composition of the TEP immune microenvironment underlie both transient ectopic embryo survival and tubal tissue damage.

conclusionThis study reveals the key roles of CD4⁺ Tm cells, CD8⁺ KLRC2⁺ Teff cells, CD8⁺ Tm cells, monocytes, and M1/M2 macrophages, offering insights into the pathogenesis of TEP and potential immunological interventions.

Indexed as

Fallopian TubesImmune ToleranceInflammationPregnancy, TubalAdultCD4-Positive T-LymphocytesCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesFemaleHumansKiller Cells, NaturalMacrophagesPregnancySequence Analysis, RNASingle-Cell AnalysisImmune microenvironmentImmune toleranceInflammationSingle-cell sequencingTubal ectopic pregnancy

Identifiers

PMID41062987
PMCPMC12505700

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.