ArticleNPJ science of food2025
Dual-backbone pectic polysaccharide activates NOD1/RIPK2/NF-κB and mitochondrial metabolism to enhance the immune activity of macrophages.
Article in NPJ science of food, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
A novel pectic polysaccharide with dual backbones (SHP-A, 15,866 Da) was isolated from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum fruits. This polysaccharide is a heteropolymer composed of six monosaccharides. Structural characterization based on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and other methods demonstrated that SHP-A features a unique architecture consisting of a rhamnogalacturonan-I backbone (alternating α-GalpA and α-Rha molecules with β-Galp/α-Araf side chains) and a β-glucomannan backbone (alternating β-Manp and β-Glcp molecules), interconnected via β-Galp bridges. Bioactivity assays showed that SHP-A exerts potent immunomodulatory effects by enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and nitric oxide release. Transcriptomics analyses and NOD1 inhibitor interventions confirmed that SHP-A can activate the NOD1/RIPK2/NF-κB axis and induce M1 polarization in RAW264.7 macrophages, thereby upregulating various cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, SHP-A also appeared to enhance immune function through mitochondrial metabolism, which indicated its potential as an immunomodulatory agent that can be used in the development of immune-enhancing health foods in the future.
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