ArticleAnnals of botany2026
Decoding a unique double flower pattern in herbaceous peony: insight into proliferate flower bud development.
Article in Annals of botany, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsIn herbaceous peony, the proliferate flower pattern exhibits a complex and two-layered floral structure with high ornamental value, offering new insights into flower development. The development of proliferate flowers is not well understood owing to their complex structure. The aim of this study was to decode the developmental pattern of proliferate flowers through continuous observations of flower bud differentiation, focusing on the morphological and anatomical characteristics of pistils and stamens in proliferate flowers.
methodsFloral differentiation in herbaceous peonies (including single flower variety, double flower variety and four proliferate flower varieties) was observed using a stereomicroscope, paraffin sectioning and free-hand sectioning. A qRT-PCR experiment was conducted to detect the expression of genes related to floral development, revealing key genes involved in proliferate flower development. KEY
resultsIn proliferate flowers, the development of lower and upper flowers occurs through two distinct stages. The lower flower sequentially generates bracts, sepals, petals, stamens and pistils. On the inner side of pistil primordia, a new flower primordium differentiates continuously to produce the upper flower, retaining characteristics of carpels. The expression levels of classical ABCDE model genes (PlAP1, PlPl2, PlAP3, PlSEP1 and PlSEP3) were higher in proliferate flowers. In contrast, expression of the C-class gene PlAG was reduced in double flowers and was the lowest in proliferate flowers compared with single flowers.
conclusionsThe proliferate flower, a special type of double flower pattern, can be divided into upper and lower flowers. For lower flowers, the varying degrees of petaloid stamens are attributed to the diversity of proliferate flower cultivars, while the proliferation and directional mutation of pistils lead to the origination of upper flowers. For upper flowers, differentiation of the floral apical meristem includes petals, stamens and pistils. The limited expression of PlAG suggests its involvement in the induction of proliferate flowers.
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