Integrating mental health into primary health care in fragile and conflict-affected settings: a scoping review of mhGAP effectiveness.

In 2008, the World Health Organization launched the Mental Health Gap Action Program (mhGAP) to scale up mental health care in non-specialized health care settings. Studies have demonstrated the benefits of mhGAP implementation while highlighting the need for better contextual adaptation and ongoing support. The challenge of integrating mental health into primary care is particularly noticeable in fragile and conflict-affected settings, where the need for such services is greater and health systems are often disrupted. A literature search was conducted on PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies addressing the effectiveness of mhGAP in fragile and conflict-affected settings. Information was collected on study characteristics and design, impact of mhGAP, and main operational challenges. After full-text review, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria, reporting the impact of mhGAP on primary care personnel, on service user outcomes and in health systems. Studies reported post-training improvements in knowledge, mainly on epilepsy and psychosis. However, gaps remained in skills related to conducting mental state examinations, assessing suicide risk, and strengthening psychosocial support. The evidence was inconclusive regarding the impact of mhGAP on improving access to mental health care at the primary level. Several implementation challenges were identified, including an overemphasis on short-term knowledge transfer and the lack of structured supervision following mhGAP training.