ArticleAnnals of botany2026
A genetic evaluation of conservation units and four decades of translocation history for Banksia cuneata, an iconic threatened species in a biodiversity hotspot.
Article in Annals of botany, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsTranslocation and genetic data are increasingly used in tandem for threatened species recovery. However, for species managed over many decades, records may be incomplete and have limited genetic data. Modern genetic analysis can assist with understanding the consequences of historical translocations and is key to informing ongoing management. Here, we assess genetic patterns in Banksia cuneata, an iconic species that has been under conservation management since 1980, to clarify conflicting signals from early genetic studies and evaluate the species' translocation history.
methodsWe applied ddRADseq on current in situ and historical ex situ samples, including translocations and extinct populations, to assess spatial and temporal genetic variation in B. cuneata and relatives. KEY
resultsStrong divergence confirmed B. cuneata to be a distinct species and separate conservation unit from a morphologically similar relative, B. oligantha, where previous allozyme data had indicated conspecificity or hybridization. Analysis of a known mixed-source translocation confirmed the expected increase in genetic diversity, while temporal changes in population structure revealed an additional, unexpected mixed-source translocation following historical documentation inconsistencies. We also confirmed strong population structure and moderate genetic diversity across the extant distribution of B. cuneata, clarifying contradictory signals in early allozyme and RAPD datasets. Finally, historical samples demonstrated sufficient diversity in ex situ seed collections and confirmed the genetic affinity of collections from now-extinct populations to enable their appropriate usage.
conclusionsFrom much confusion and patchy records, our data provide clarity on appropriate conservation and management units, translocation history and the genetic composition of extant populations and germplasm collections to greatly improve the ongoing conservation management of B. cuneata. More broadly, our study provides vital knowledge concerning an active long-term translocation program, highlighting the importance of future-proofed record-keeping and the value of revisiting genetic data over the duration of any conservation program.
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