ArticleAnnals of botany2026
The BpFLA1 and BpFLA2 genes are involved in regulating secondary xylem development in Betula platyphylla and respond to artificial bending.
Article in Annals of botany, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsFasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) function in diverse plant physiological processes, particularly cell wall biosynthesis and tension wood (TW) formation. This study aimed to identify Betula platyphylla FLA genes associated with secondary xylem and TW development, thereby elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying xylogenesis to facilitate molecular improvement strategies.
methodsTissue-specific expression of two FLA genes (BpFLA1, BPFLA2) was analysed via quantitative real-time PCR. BpFLA1/2-overexpressing transgenic lines and bpfla1 knockout mutants were generated using the pROK II vector and CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Anatomical phenotypes, cell wall composition and TW development were subsequently investigated. KEY
resultsTwo FLA genes (BpFLA1, BpFLA2) were identified in the birch TW transcriptome. Phylogenetically, BpFLA1 and BpFLA2 exhibit conserved evolutionary relationships and structural domains. Both genes were highly expressed in mature stems but suppressed by mechanical stimuli. BpFLA1/2-overexpressing transgenics displayed slightly suppressed growth, reduced cell wall thickness, enlarged xylem vessel area and notably inhibited TW formation following artificial bending. Conversely, bpfla1 knockout mutants exhibited significant thickening of xylem fibre cell walls, a phenotype contrasting sharply with OE lines.
conclusionBpFLA1/2 functions as a critical regulator of cell wall development and a negative regulator of xylem fibre and TW formation in birch. Therefore, this study identifies BpFLA1/2 as a novel target for genetic improvement. BpFLA1/2 overexpression potentially enhances wood straightness and quality, whereas its suppression or knockout may benefit cellulose production for pulpwood applications.
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