ReviewFrontiers in neurology2025
Beyond the surface: a review of transcranial temporal interference stimulation for deep brain modulation.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Modulation of cognitive and motor functions by temporal interference stimulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and variability.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- Exploring the feasibility, safety and preliminary clinical effects of amygdala-targeted temporal interference stimulation for major depressive disorder: a pilot study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Trial
- Mapping the Global Trajectory and Key Trends of Temporal Interference Stimulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Temporal Interference Electrical Stimulation for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Mechanisms, Applications, and Translational Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Temporal Interference (TI) stimulation has emerged as a novel, non-invasive technique for selectively modulating deep brain regions while minimizing stimulation of superficial cortical layers, addressing key limitations of traditional transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) methods. This review systematically examines advancements in TI research from June 2017 to December 2024, encompassing safety evaluations, computational modeling (including Finite Element Method simulations), and stimulation-parameter optimisation. The paper synthesizes 63 publications on the efficacy of TI in deep brain neuromodulation, its optimisation strategies, and emerging methodologies aimed at improving stimulation precision and reducing off-target effects. Furthermore, the review explores the clinical applications of TI, particularly its potential in treating neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and cognitive impairments. Despite its promise, challenges remain, including variability in stimulation outcomes, the need for individualized treatment protocols, and gaps in understanding the long-term effects of TI. By consolidating current knowledge and identifying future research priorities, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the transformative potential of TI stimulation in neuroscience and clinical neurotherapeutics.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.