Perceptual metacognition and self-esteem: the role of feedback valence in local and global monitoring bias.

Guanzhuo Zhang, Jiafeng Zhang, Hui Li, Wei Liu, Xuemin Zhang

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Guanzhuo ZhangBeijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing, 100875, China.

Jiafeng ZhangBeijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing, 100875, China.

Hui LiBeijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing, 100875, China.

Wei LiuBeijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing, 100875, China.

Xuemin ZhangBeijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing, 100875, China. xmzhang@bnu.edu.cn.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 61632014

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Previous studies suggest that individuals with low self-esteem tend to undervalue themselves, a tendency that may reflect a metacognitive monitoring bias, which in turn can be shaped by feedback valence. However, research specifically exploring how self-esteem and feedback valence affect metacognitive monitoring remains scarce. Through three experiments, the study revealed that individuals tend to exhibit an underestimation bias in perceptual metacognitive monitoring. However, compared to individuals with high self-esteem, those with low self-esteem exhibited more pronounced local and global monitoring biases in the absence of feedback. Furthermore, feedback valence influenced both local and global metacognitive monitoring in low self-esteem individuals, whereas its effects in high self-esteem individuals were limited to global monitoring. Additionally, feedback valence reduced global monitoring disparities between self-esteem groups, while only positive feedback narrowed the gap in local monitoring. These findings suggest that the influence of feedback valence on metacognitive monitoring biases varies depending on both self-esteem level and the level of monitoring. These results provide valuable insights into the interplay among self-esteem, metacognitive monitoring and feedback, with implications for the development of targeted educational strategies, particularly for individuals with low self-esteem.

Indexed as

Feedback, PsychologicalMetacognitionSelf ConceptAdultBiasFemaleHumansMaleYoung AdultGlobal meatcognitionLocal metacognitionLow self-esteemMetacognitive monitoring biasPerceptual metacognition

Identifiers

PMID41057960

DOI10.1186/s40359-025-03089-x

PMCPMC12506185

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.