Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41057812›Full record

ArticleBMC psychiatry2025

Prevalence of substance use disorder in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: associations with sex and psychiatric comorbidity.

Camilla Djønne Moldekleiv, Astri J Lundervold, Berit Skretting Solberg, Anders Engeland, Lars Thore Fadnes, Fatemeh Chalabianloo, Kari Klungsøyr

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMC psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Genomic insights into substance use and disinhibitory disorders.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  7. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Camilla Djønne MoldekleivDepartment of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Astri J LundervoldDepartment of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Berit Skretting SolbergDepartment of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Anders EngelandDepartment of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Postbox 7800, Bergen, 5020, Norway.
Lars Thore FadnesDepartment of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Postbox 7800, Bergen, 5020, Norway.
Fatemeh ChalabianlooDepartment of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Postbox 7800, Bergen, 5020, Norway.
Kari KlungsøyrDepartment of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Postbox 7800, Bergen, 5020, Norway. kari.klungsoyr@uib.no.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSeveral studies have reported associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUD). However, sex-differences in ADHD and SUD, especially when associated with other psychiatric comorbidities, are less studied.

objectiveTo compare the prevalence of SUD among individuals with and without ADHD to describe groups, defined by sex and psychiatric comorbidity, who may benefit from targeted follow-up.

methodsData from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, the Norwegian Prescription Database and the Norwegian Patient Registry were linked. Individuals born 1988-2001 were identified and followed until 2019 (ages 18-31 years in 2019). Log binomial regression was used to calculate age-adjusted prevalence differences (PD) of SUD with 95% confidence intervals in males (N = 31,146) and females (N = 18,669) with ADHD, overall and with/without other psychiatric comorbidities, relative to those without ADHD (males N = 381,568; females N = 368,804).

resultsADHD was associated with SUD across all substances among both males and females ("Any SUD": PD

conclusionThe high prevalence of SUD associated with ADHD, with higher PDs in males than females for most specific SUDs, indicates a need for targeted prevention. The substantially higher prevalence of SUD in individuals with ADHD and comorbid psychiatric disorders emphasizes the need for close follow-up of individuals with ADHD both regarding SUD and other psychiatric disorders. Further studies are needed to evaluate potential causal relations between ADHD, other psychiatric comorbidities, and SUD, and to understand the sex-differences in SUD prevalence across psychiatric comorbidities in ADHD.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityMental DisordersSubstance-Related DisordersAdolescentAdultComorbidityFemaleHumansMaleNorwayPrevalenceRegistriesSex FactorsYoung AdultADHDAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderComorbidityGenderPsychiatric disordersSexSubstance use disorderSUD

Identifiers

PMID41057812
PMCPMC12505809

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.