ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2025
Brugia malayi and other filarial parasite species in animals in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis in Belitung District, Indonesia.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Can mass drug administration alone eliminate lymphatic filariasis in areas of Indonesia with zoophilic Brugia malayi?PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Diverse Onchocercidae from Malaysian cats and Indonesian macaques: Morphological and molecular analysis of individual microfilariae using mitochondrial genomes, 28S rRNA, and Wolbachia endosymbiont sequences.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Challenges to 'Last Mile' Surveillance: Result of Programmatic Review of Integrated Skin NTDs Surveillance in Three Indonesian Districts.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- The Death to Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis (DOLF) project: Accomplishments and ongoing research.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBrugia malayi is the most common cause of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Indonesia. A zoophilic ecotype that infects both humans and animals occur in Belitung District in Indonesia. The district received five annual rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) between 2006 and 2010 and passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS) in subsequent years. However, a survey in five villages in 2021 showed a microfilaria (Mf) prevalence of 2.1% in humans. The reappearance of B. malayi infection in humans may be due to reintroduction from animal reservoirs. The goal of this study was to determine B. malayi prevalence in potential reservoir hosts and to improve the identification of filarial Mf found in animals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsVenous blood was collected from 291 cats, 41 dogs, and 163 crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) from areas with and without human B. malayi infection. B. malayi Mf were detected by microscopy in 1.4%, 7.3% and 13.5% of the samples, respectively. The geometric mean Mf density varied from 133 Mf/mL(dogs) to 255 Mf/mL (macaques). While Brugia Mf were easily differentiated from Dirofilaria Mf by microscopy, the morphological differentiation between B. malayi and B. pahangi was not reliable. qPCR detected B. malayi DNA in blood from 4.1% of cats, 2.4% dogs, and 13.5% macaques. In addition, infections or co-infection with B. pahangi (cats, dogs) or D. immitis (dogs) were detected. A novel Dirofilaria species was morphologically identified in 20.3% of macaques. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Microscopy was less accurate for detection and species identification of Mf than qPCR. The presence of B. malayi Mf in animals represents a challenge for the elimination of LF in some areas in Indonesia. More research is needed to better understand B. malayi transmission between animals and humans in endemic areas like Belitung where routine MDA may not be sufficient to eliminate LF.
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