Microbial Synthesis of Nano Trace Minerals: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Effects and Applications in Farm Animals.

In recent years, nano trace minerals have acquired considerable recognition in the agricultural sector, particularly as supplements in farm animals, owing to unique physicochemical characteristics like enhanced surface area, absorbability and bioavailability. These characteristics are largely assessed by the shape and size of the nanoparticles, making them more effective than bulk particles in various biological applications. Traditional methods of synthesizing nano minerals, using physical and chemical approaches, can be expensive, energy-consuming and potentially harmful to the environment. In contrast, microbial synthesis of nano trace minerals offers a promising, economical and environmentally sustainable alternative. This approach leverages the natural metabolic pathways of microorganisms that can produce nanoparticles either via intracellular or extracellular routes. Compared to plant extract-based nanoparticle synthesis, microbial synthesis has several advantages, including better control over particle size and enhanced stability. Additionally, microbial synthesis methods are inherently more industrially feasible and economically viable, making them an ideal option for large-scale applications. Nano trace minerals have shown improved bioavailability and effectiveness in farm animals, particularly in enhancing growth, immune function and disease resistance. These benefits have gained interest in the use of nano trace minerals as feed additives, promoting better animal health and productivity. This review discusses the microbes-mediated synthesis of nano trace minerals, their characterization, biological effects and potential applications, highlighting their pros and cons over traditional mineral supplementations in farm animal nutrition.