Substance withdrawal during psychotherapy incorporating equines: A preliminary investigation of the role of neurotransmitters during treatment.

M M Friend, M C Nicodemus, C O Lemley, C A Cavinder, P Prince, K Holtcamp

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Journal of equine rehabilitation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

M M FriendHuck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 101 Huck Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

M C NicodemusDepartment of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, MS 39762, USA.

C O LemleyDepartment of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, MS 39762, USA.

C A CavinderDepartment of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box 9815, MS 39762, USA.

P PrinceOffice of Psychological Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, MS 39762, USA.

K HoltcampOffice of Psychological Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, MS 39762, USA.

Funding

Research Training in Physiological Adaptations to StressT32GM154124 · NIGMS · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, THE · PI MARGHERITA T CANTORNA, Kevin John Harvatine · 2024 to 2026

$1.5M

NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM154124

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Substance withdrawal presents a barrier to substance use disorder (SUD) recovery in part due to symptoms implicating neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Despite this relationship, research investigating alternative treatments such as psychotherapy incorporating equines (PIE) have primarily targeted vital signs and cortisol concentrations. Previous research has also proposed benefits of human-horse physiological coupling, but the role of neurotransmitters in the relationship between humans and horses during PIE has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to characterize neurotransmitter concentrations of humans and horses throughout PIE in withdrawing SUD patients and determine neurotransmitter involvement in human-horse physiological coupling. Saliva samples were collected from humans (n = 6) and horses (n = 4) immediately prior to and following PIE sessions in the first and second week of SUD treatment. Concentrations of 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT) in the second week of treatment increased (

Indexed as

AddictionHuman-animal interactionNeurotransmittersPsychotherapy incorporating equinesSubstance abuse disorder

Identifiers

PMID41054628

DOI10.1016/j.eqre.2025.100035

PMCPMC12497389

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.