Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41054246›Full record

ArticleIranian biomedical journal2025

Designing Oral Films Based on Beeswax: Comparative Assessment of 3D Printing and Solvent Casting.

Pegah Torabi, Shahab Bohlooli, Shadab Shahsavari, Leila Rezaei Shirmard

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Iranian biomedical journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Pegah TorabiDepartment of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
Shahab BohlooliDepartment of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
Shadab ShahsavariChemical Engineering Department, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran.
Leila Rezaei ShirmardDepartment of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: From the perspective of drug delivery systems, oral films (OFs) have received increased attention, mainly for pediatric and geriatric applications. Beeswax, a naturally derived and FDA-approved material, is often mixed with other polymers to enhance its mechanical properties. This study presented the first use of precisely controlled, solvent-free pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing to produce OFs. Methods: Solvent casting and pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing were employed to produce hybrid film structures composed of beeswax, polyvinyl alcohol, borax, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, loaded with betamethasone as a model drug. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy for their physical appearance, mechanical properties, surface structure, and ultrastructural morphology, as well as their drug content and in vitro drug release. Results: Films without the drug showed greater irregularities and roughness compared to the drug-loaded films. The physical properties of the formulations improved through three-dimensional (3D) printing. Conclusion: By using 3D printing methods in pharmaceuticals, the treatment procedure would be highly acceptable to patients, increasing their treatment adherence. It is also useful for personal drug delivery.

Indexed as

Printing, Three-DimensionalSolventsWaxesAdministration, OralBetamethasoneDrug Delivery SystemsDrug LiberationHumansPolyvinyl AlcoholbeeswaxBetamethasonePolyvinyl AlcoholSolventsWaxesFlagellinUrinary tract infectionsUropathogenic Escherichia coliVaccines

Identifiers

PMID41054246
PMCPMC12584378

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Registered trials

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