SynthesisBMC pulmonary medicine2025
Risk factors and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC pulmonary medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Association Between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Early Detection of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Tackling Biofilm-Forming Pathogens: A Challenge to Overcome in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dynamic Parameters within the First 72 H of ICU Admission Predict Extubation Failure and 28-Day Mortality in Severe Pneumonia-Induced ARDS: A Retrospective Cohort Study.The clinical respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Review
- Pulmonary Risk Stratification in Open Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Association between door-to-wire time and 30-day mortality after PCI in patients with acute myocardial infarction: evidence from a single-center study in the China chest pain center registry.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Cipepofol versus Conventional Sedation for Pneumonia Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: A Real-World Retrospective Study of Effectiveness and Hemodynamic Safety.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Observational
- Effect of humidification intervention combined with cluster nursing on ventilator-associated pneumonia in ICU patients.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, which increases morbidity rates and adversely affects outcomes. The associated risk factors and outcomes remain controversial. The aim of the present study is to explore the risk factors and clinical outcomes of patients with VAP.
methodsTwo investigators conducted independent systematic Literature searches of Pubmed, Cochrane Database, Scopus, Medline, Science Direct and Epistemonikos databases published from inception to November 2024. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess study quality. A meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects Model. The systematic review protocol was registered in the CRDdatabase 42024538138 of the Prospective International Registry of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). A subgroup analysis, bivariate meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were performed. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) methodology.
resultsTwenty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 16,731 patients. Male gender odds ratio (OR) 1.30 (95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.44) p<0.05; the use of H2 blockers OR 2.24 (95% CI 1.50-3.37) p<0.05; tracheostomy OR 3.44 (95% CI 2.0-5.92) p<0.05; prior antibiotic treatment OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.08-2.15) p<0.05; reintubation OR 5.11 (95% CI 2.29-11.42) p<0.05; enteral feeding OR 4.73 (95% CI 2.54-8.78) p<0.05; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) OR 1.52 (95% CI 1.10-2.09) p<0.05; impaired consciousness at hospital admission OR 3.14 (95% CI 1.28-7.69) p<0.05; nasogastric tube OR 2.94 (95% CI 1.56-5.53) p<0.05; use of neuromuscular blockers OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.13-1.49) p<0.05; trauma OR 1.47 (95% CI 1.12-1.93) p<0.05, and days of intubation prior to VAP OR 6.2 (95% CI 1.09-11.3). A p<0.05 significantly increased the risk of VAP. In patients with VAP, the average ICU stay was 12.7 days longer (95% CI: 9.6-15.8) p<0.05; the duration of mechanical ventilation was 12.3 days longer (95% CI: 9.27-15.34) p <0.05; the hospital stay was 16.1 days longer (95% CI: 10.8-21.5) p <0.05. The certainty of the evidence was low for most outcomes.
conclusionsMale gender, use of H2 blockers, tracheostomy, prior antibiotic treatment, reintubation, enteral feeding, COPD, impaired consciousness at hospital admission, nasogastric tube, use of neuromuscular blockers, trauma and days of intubation prior to VAP significantly increased the risk of VAP. In patients with VAP, ICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and hospital stay presented significant increases.
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