ArticleBMC public health2025
Study of socioeconomic differences of long-term PM
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Air pollution, socioeconomic status and the risk of incident rheumatic heart disease: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have thoroughly evaluated the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and mortality, but the effect of socioeconomic status on the association remains controversial.
methodsWe utilized the data of all-cause mortality per year, concentration of PM2.5, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics for 345 cities in China from 2000-2019. We applied the Poisson generalized estimating equations (Poisson GEE) model to explore the association between PM2.5 and mortality in cities with different quartiles of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.
resultsOverall, every 10 µg/m ³ increase in PM2.5, the RR was 1.082 (95% CI:1.058-1.106) for all-cause mortality, with residents of the Northeast and Southwest regions having a higher risk of death. Cities with the highest quartiles of gender ratio, age, dependency rate, and migration rate had relative risks of 1.110 (95% CI: 1.020-1.208), 1.075 (95% CI: 1.018-1.135), 1.101 (95% CI: 1.068-1.135), and 1.108 (95% CI: 1.053-1.165), respectively. Stratified analyses showed that the exposure-mortality associations were strongest in cities with both the lowest and highest socioeconomic status (SES) quartiles.
conclusionThe association between PM2.5 and mortality varied by socioeconomic status, demonstrating a U-shaped pattern with the highest mortality risk observed among residents in cities with both the lowest and highest socioeconomic levels.
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