Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41053692›Full record

ArticleBMC pediatrics2025

Major gut microbiota perturbations in firstborn infants compared to those with older siblings soon after delivery.

Annika Ljung, Monica Gio-Batta, Bill Hesselmar, Henrik Imberg, Hardis Rabe, Forough L Nowrouzian, Susanne Johansen, Agnes E Wold, Ingegerd Adlerberth

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Annika Ljung *Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. annika.ljung@gu.se.
Monica Gio-Batta *Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Bill HesselmarInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Henrik ImbergStatistiska Konsultgruppen Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Hardis RabeDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Forough L NowrouzianDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Susanne JohansenPediatric Clinic, Skaraborg Hospital, Lidköping, Sweden.
Agnes E WoldDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Ingegerd AdlerberthDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe gut microbiota may influence immune maturation during infancy. While cesarean delivery is known to delay acquisition of a mature anaerobic microbiota, the influence of being firstborn on early gut colonization is less well studied.

methodsFeces were collected regularly from 3 days to 18 months of age in the FARMFLORA cohort (N = 65) and cultured quantitatively for major anaerobic and facultative bacteria. Colonization rates and population counts of different gut bacteria were analyzed in relation to birth order, delivery mode, and antibiotic exposure during delivery. Each exposure was adjusted for the other two.

resultsBirth order, delivery mode and antibiotic exposure were each independently associated with gut colonization. Firstborn infants (N = 29) acquired Escherichia coli and bifidobacteria later than infants with older sibings (N = 36) and had signs of microbiota immaturity, including higher levels of facultative bacteria and increased carriage of opportunistic colonizers such as Clostridioides difficile and Staphylococcus aureus. Cesarean-delivered infants (N = 10) showed delayed E. coli acquisition and increased colonization by other enterobacteria, while antibiotic exposure during delivery (N = 10) delayed colonization by Bacteroides.

conclusionsDelayed colonization by typical fecal bacteria in firstborn infants suggests reduced maternal bacterial transfer during delivery. This might contribute to the predilection of firstborn children to develop allergy.

Indexed as

Birth OrderGastrointestinal MicrobiomeSiblingsAnti-Bacterial AgentsCesarean SectionDelivery, ObstetricEscherichia coliFecesFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntibiotic exposure during deliveryCesarean sectionEpidemiologyInfantMicrobiomeOlder siblings

Identifiers

PMID41053692
PMCPMC12502136

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.