Observational studyBMC pediatrics2025
Effects of maternal exposure to exogenous progesterone during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment.
Observational study in BMC pediatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Progesterone Exposure in Pregnancy, Obstetric Stabilization, and Developmental Outcomes: A Focused Review of Direct and Indirect Pathways.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids and neurodevelopmental delay in children up to 5 years old: Effect modification by progesterone and estradiol.Eco-Environment & Health · 2026Article
- Cord serum metabolic signatures associated with neonatal anthropometry and neurodevelopment through age two in twins.iScience · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal progesterone exposure on offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes, to ultimately provide insights for prevention strategies.
methodsUsing a retrospective observational approach, 256 children were recruited. Information on children’s general condition and mothers’ maternal history were collected via questionnaires and interviews, and neurodevelopment was assessed using Gesell developmental schedules. Multiple linear regression analysis explored the relationship between progesterone exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
resultsOverall, 128 children were enrolled in the progesterone exposure (P) and non-exposure (C) groups, respectively. These groups showed no differences in the developmental quotient (DQ) scores of the gross motor, fine motor, and adaptive behavior domains; however, the P group showed significantly lower language and personal-social behavior DQ scores. After adjusting for offspring’s birth weight, length, and gestational age, maternal progesterone exposure and offspring’s language (P = 0.02), and personal-social behavior DQ scores showed negative correlations. After further adjustments for offspring sex, age, mode of birth, neonatal intracranial hemorrhage, neonatal asphyxia, maternal childbearing age, maternal educational level, folic acid administration, and assisted reproduction use, mother’s maternal gestational exposure to progesterone remained negatively associated with language and personal-social behavior.
conclusionsMaternal progesterone exposure during pregnancy adversely affects offspring’s language and personal-social behavior development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.