Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41053599›Full record

Trial reportBMC pregnancy and childbirth2025

Effectiveness of a nurse-led theory-based program on breastfeeding outcomes in women after cesarean section: a randomized controlled trial.

Yirong He, Xin He, Xinru Bao, Min Qiu, Juan Du, Ting Zhang, Min Shu, Lan Liu, Yu Wang

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Yirong He *Department of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
Xin He *Department of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
Xinru BaoDepartment of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
Min QiuDepartment of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
Juan DuDepartment of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
Ting ZhangDepartment of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
Min ShuDepartment of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
Lan Liu *Department of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China. 675484233@qq.com.
Yu Wang *Department of Obstetrics Nursing, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 20, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China. 182068712@qq.com.

Funding

Medical research Project of Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China 2025280
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBreastfeeding provides significant benefits for both mothers and infants, yet its rates remain suboptimal, particularly among women undergoing cesarean sections. Breastfeeding practices are determined by a wide range of socio-environmental, cultural, family and individual factors, but current breastfeeding promotion interventions that integrate these dimensions are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a breastfeeding intervention based on Theory of Planned Behavior and the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding in promoting breastfeeding outcomes in women after cesarean section.

methodsA total of 763 women were recruited and randomly divided into an intervention group (n = 383) and a control group (n = 380). The participants were women scheduled for elective cesarean sections due to medical indications. On the basis of theory, mothers in the intervention group received the breastfeeding promotion program, focusing on enhancing breastfeeding knowledge, fostering positive attitudes, increasing family support, strengthening perceived behavioral control, facilitating the transition from intention to action, and promoting mother-infant interaction through skin-to-skin contact, responsive feeding, and emotional bonding. The control group received routine nursing care. Outcomes were assessed using the Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool and the Chinese Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool, focusing on exclusive breastfeeding rates, breastfeeding frequency, duration, and complications.

resultsThe exclusive breastfeeding rates in the intervention group were significantly higher on day 1, day 2 And day 3 after cesarean section compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The intervention group exhibited higher Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool and Chinese Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool scores, improved breastfeeding frequency and duration, and a lower incidence of breastfeeding-related complications (P < 0.05).

conclusionA theory-based nursing intervention integrating Theory of Planned Behavior and the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding significantly enhanced exclusive breastfeeding rates and maternal breastfeeding behaviors in women after cesarean sections. This study highlights the value of combining psychological and contextual factors to design effective breastfeeding interventions, providing evidence for scalable and sustainable strategies to support breastfeeding in postpartum care.

trial registrationThis trial was retrospectively registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on November 19th, 2024 (ChiCTR2400092869) .

Indexed as

Breast FeedingCesarean SectionHealth PromotionMothersAdultChinaFemaleHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansInfant, NewbornMother-Child RelationsPregnancyProgram EvaluationBreastfeedingCesarean sectionNursing interventionRandomized controlled trialTheory

Identifiers

PMID41053599
PMCPMC12502285

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.